GRAMMAR : (English) 2

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GRAMMAR

[/CENTER]THE FUTURE WITH (GOING TO..):

There is no one 'future tense' in English. There are 4 future forms. The one which is used most often in spoken English is 'going to', not 'will'.

a/We use 'going to' when we want to talk about a plan for the future.

1.I'm going to see him later today.
2.We're going to have lunch first.

Notice that this plan does not have to be for the near future.

1.When I retire I'm going to go back to my home town to live.
2.In ten years time, my elder son is going to take over my own successful
company.

b/We use 'going to' when we want to make a prediction based on evidence we can see now.

1..Look out! That vase is going to fall off.
2.Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.


THE FUTURE WITH (WILL):

a/We can use 'will' to talk about future events we believe to be certain.

1.Next year, I'll be 50.
2.That plane will be late. It always is.

b/Often we add 'perhaps', 'maybe', 'probably', 'possibly' to make the belief less certain.

1.I'll probably come back later.
2.Maybe it will rain again.
3.Perhaps we'll meet again some day.

c/We often use 'will' with 'I think' or 'I hope'.

1.I think she'll do well in the job.
2.I hope you won't make too much noise.

d/We use 'will' at the moment we make a new decision or plan. The thought has just come into our head. apromise or an offer:

1.Bye. I'll phone you when I get there
2.I'll answer that.
3.I won't tell him. I promise.


CONDITIONAL (ZERO):

a/WE use "zero conditional" When we want to talk about things that are always or generally true, we can use:

If/When/Unless plus a present form PLUS present simple or imperative

1.If you press this button, you get black coffee.
2.When the temperature rises,ice melts.
3.When you go to the beach, take some sun cream.


CONDITIONAL 1ST:

a/We use the First Conditional to talk about future events that are likely to happen.

1.If we take the children, they'll be really pleased.
2.If you give me some money, I'll pay you back tomorrow.
3.unless he feels better,he won't go with us


CONDITIONAL 2ND:

a/We can use the Second Conditional to talk about 'impossible' situations.

1.If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.

(Notice that after I / he/ she /it we often use the subjunctive form 'were' and not 'was'.)

2.If she were really happy in her job, she'd be working much harder.
(Notice the form 'If I were you' which is often used to give advice.)

1.If I were you, I'd change my job.

b/We can also use the Second Conditional to talk about 'unlikely' situations.

1.If I won the lottery, I'd buy my parents a big house.
2.If I went to the moon, I'd bring back some moon rock.

Notice that the choice between the first and the second conditional is often a question of the speaker's attitude rather than of facts. For example, consider two people Peter Pessimist and Otto Optimist.

examples

NAJIB – If I win the lottery, I'll buy a big house.(optimist)
KAMAL – If I won the lottery, I'd buy a big house.(pessimist)


CONDITIONAL 3ND:

a/Often referred to as the "past" conditional because it concerns only past situations with hypothetical results. b/Used to express a hypothetical result to a past given situation.

1.If Jack had thoughttwice, he wouldn't have made such a stupid mistake.
(did he think? no)
(did he make a mistake ? Yes)
2.They would have been home by ten if the train had been on time.
(was the train on time?no)
Were they home by ten ?No)


WISH+SIMPLE PAST:

a/the main use of 'wish' is to say that we would like things to be different from what they are, that we have regrets about the present situation.

(Notice that the verb tense which follows 'I wish' is 'more in the past' than the tense corresponding to its meaning)

1.I wish I was rich.
2.He wishes he lived in Paris.
3.I'm too fat. I wish I was thin.
4.It's raining. I wish it wasn't raining.

WISH+PAST PERFECT:

b/showing regrets about past situations:

1.I went to see the latest Star Wars film. I wish I hadn't gone.
2.I've eaten too much. I wish I hadn't eaten so much

c/we use 'would'after wish" when we anticipate some change

1.He won't help me. I wish he would help me.
2.You're making too much noise. I wish you would be quiet.
3.You keep interrupting me. I wish you wouldn't do that.